Understanding Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD): A Guide for Parents and Caregivers

Child falling

Does your child struggle with tasks like tying their shoes, catching a ball, or riding a bike?

Do they seem clumsy or avoid physical activities?

If so, they might be experiencing Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)—a condition that affects motor skill development and coordination.

According to the American Physical Therapy Association (APTA) and research in Physical & Occupational Therapy in Pediatrics, DCD affects 5–6% of school-aged children, making it one of the most common motor impairments in childhood (APTA, 2023). Despite its prevalence, many families remain unaware of this condition or mistake it for simple clumsiness.

In this post, I’ll break down what DCD is, how it presents, and what can help.

What is Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD)?

DCD is a neurodevelopmental condition that impacts a child’s ability to plan and execute motor movements effectively. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) defines DCD as a disorder where motor skill deficits interfere with daily activities and academic performance, without another neurological or medical explanation (Zwicker et al., 2019, Physical Therapy).

Children with DCD typically experience:

·        Delays in motor milestones (e.g., crawling, walking)

·        Clumsiness and poor coordination

·        Difficulty with fine motor tasks (e.g., handwriting, using scissors)

·        Challenges with gross motor skills (e.g., running, jumping, balance)

·        Frustration and avoidance of physical activities

Because DCD often coexists with other conditions like ADHD or dyslexia, early identification is key to supporting a child’s success.

Why Does DCD Occur?

The exact cause of DCD is not fully understood, but research suggests it stems from differences in brain development and motor control. Studies using neuroimaging have found that children with DCD may have reduced connectivity in areas of the brain responsible for motor planning, coordination, and sensory integration (Wilson et al., 2017, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews).

Risk factors for DCD include:

·        Premature birth or low birth weight

·        Genetic predisposition

·        Delayed early motor milestones

How Can Physical Therapy Help?

Since DCD is a lifelong condition, early intervention with physical therapy (PT) and occupational therapy (OT) is essential. The APTA emphasizes the importance of task-specific interventions to improve movement skills and boost confidence.

Evidence-Based PT Strategies for DCD

·       Task-Oriented Training – Practicing specific skills (e.g., buttoning a shirt, throwing a ball) in real-life contexts improves motor learning.

·       Motor Imagery and Repetition – Encouraging children to visualize movements before performing them enhances coordination.

·       Strength & Balance Training – Exercises like core strengthening, yoga, and obstacle courses help improve postural control.

·       Sensory Integration Therapy – Using different textures, weights, and visual cues helps children better process motor commands.

According to a systematic review in Physical Therapy Journal, children with DCD who received PT interventions demonstrated significant improvements in motor function, confidence, and participation in physical activities (Schoemaker et al., 2020, Physical Therapy).

Tips for Parents & Educators

If you suspect your child has DCD, here’s how you can support them:

·       Encourage movement through fun activities – Play-based approaches like dance, swimming, or martial arts build coordination without pressure.

·       Provide extra time for tasks – Simple accommodations like pencil grips, Velcro shoes, or speech-to-text technology can make daily activities easier.

·       Boost confidence – Celebrate small successes and remind them that motor challenges don’t define their abilities.

·       Seek professional support – A physical therapist, occupational therapist, or developmental specialist can provide a structured plan to improve skills.

Final Thoughts

DCD is more than just being clumsy—it’s a real, research-backed condition that can impact daily life. The good news? With early intervention, targeted therapy, and supportive environments, children with DCD can develop stronger motor skills and greater confidence.

If you’re concerned about your child’s motor skills, don’t hesitate to consult me for guidance. 

Dr. Rebecca Turkel is a Licensed Physical Therapist, Craniosacral Fascial Therapist, Certified Early Intervention Specialist, Certified Educator of Infant Massage, Certified in Neonatal Behavior Observation, and Integrative Breastfeeding Educator. 

Dr. Turkel has over 18 years’ experience working with families in an Early Intervention setting as a Developmental Specialist and Physical Therapist as well as 14 years’ experience working at Boston Children's Hospital as a Physical Therapist.